Reference no: EM132416816

1. Analysis of human milk from lactating mothers shows that it contains IgA antibodies against infections that were recent (<3 weeks earlier) and those from the distant past (>1 year). These antibodies are directed against a host of organisms, including viruses, such as enteroviruses, herpes simplex viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, rubella, reovirus, and rotavirus. In addition, IgA antibodies against many bacteria are found in human milk, including those reactive to E. coli, Shigella, Salmonella, Campylobacter, Vibrio cholerae, H. influenzae, S. pneumoniae, Clostridium difficile, C. botulinum, and Klebsiella pneumoniae. IgA antibodies to the parasite Giardiaand the fungus, Candida albicans, are also seen in human milk. Since most of these infections were localized in the gastrointestinal tract of the mother, these IgA antibodies ended up in breast milk by:

A. Being transported from the lymph fluid in the breast tissue into across the breast epithelium into the secretory glands.

B. The trafficking of germinal center B cells from the mother's mesenteric lymph nodes to the breast epithelium.

C. The trafficking of gut-primed activated B cells from the mother's circulation into the lactating milk gland.

D. The ability of gut-primed activated B cells to traffic to all secondary lymphoid tissues in the mother.

E. The ability of activated B cells primed in the spleen to switch to IgA secretion after entering the mother's lactating milk gland.

Please explain your reasonings