Xylenes (Dimethyl benzene) C₆H₄(CH₃)₂

         The molecular formula, C₈H₁₀ represents four isomers.

         These are produced along with benzene, toluene and ethylbenzene when aromatisation of C₆ - H₈ fraction of petroleum naphtha is completed. The xylenes are isolated with respect to the resulting mixture (BTX) by fractional distillation.

   These can be prepared by Wurtz - Fittig reaction. A group of bromotoluene and methylbromide is treated with sodium in dry ethereal solution to form the desired xylene.

         · These can also be obtained by Friedel - craft's synthesis,

         · m-Xylene can be get from mesitylene.

         Xylenes are colourless liquids having property of odour. The boiling points of three isomers are,

         o-Xylene=144°C;  m-Xylene=139°C;  p-Xylene=138°C.

Xylenes undergo electrophilic substitution reactions in the same manner as toluene. Upon oxidation with KMnO₄ or K₂Cr₂O₇, Xylenes form corresponding dicarboxylic acids.

         Xylenes are used in the manufacture of lacquers and as solvent for rubber. o-Xylene is needed for the developer of phthalic anhydride.

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