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voltmeter: It is a meter used to calculate potential difference and is always put in parallel with the 'circuit element' across which potential difference is to be measured.
(i) The measurement of a voltmeter is always lesser than true value.
(ii) Greater the resistance of voltmeter, more precise will be its reading. A voltmeter is called ideal if its resistance is infinite, i.e., it gives no current from the circuit component for its operation.
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Conversion of galvanometer into voltmeter: A meter can be converted into a voltmeter by connecting a large resistance R in series with the galvanometer as shown in the figure.
(a) Similar resistance of the combination = G + R
(b) According to ohm's law, V =i(G+R); which gives Required series resistance,
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(c) If nth part of applied voltage appeared across galvanometer then required series resistance R=(n-1)G.
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