Voltage regulator
Voltage regulator is the electrical regulator designed to maintain automatically a constant voltage level.
It can use an electromechanical mechanism, or the passive or active electronic components. Depending upon the design, it can be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
With exception of passive shunt regulators, all the modern electronic voltage regulators operate by comparing actual output voltage to some internal fixed reference voltage. Any of the difference is amplified and used to control the regulation element in such a manner as to reduce the voltage error. This forms a negative feedback control loop; increasing open-loop gain tends to increase the accuracy of regulation but reduce stability (avoidance of the oscillation, or ringing during the step changes). There will be a trade-off between stability and the speed of the response to the changes. If output voltage is too low (perhaps because of input voltage reducing or load current increasing), the regulation element is commanded, up to a point, to produce the higher output voltage - by dropping less of input voltage (for the linear series regulators and the buck switching regulators), or to draw input current for the longer periods (boost-type switching regulators); if output voltage is quite high, the regulation element will normally be commanded to produce the lower voltage. However, a number of regulators have over-current protection; so that they will totally stop sourcing current (or limit current in some way) if the output current is quite high, and some regulators can also shut down if input voltage is outside a given range.
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