Voltage or Potential Difference
Voltage or potential difference between 2 points in the electric circuit is 1 V if 1 J (Joule) of energy is expended in transferring 1 C of charge among those points.
In general it is represented by the symbol V and measured in volts (V). Note that symbol and unit of voltage are both denoted by the same letter; but, it rarely causes any confusion.
The symbol V depicts a constant voltage (DC) while a time-varying (AC) voltage is represented by the symbol v or v(t).
Voltage is measured always across the circuit element as demonstrated in the Figure drawn below.
Figure: A voltmeter is connected in parallel with circuit element, R to measure voltage across it.
A voltage source gives the energy or emf (electromotive force) needed for current to fiow. However, current can exist if there is a potential difference and a physical path to fiow. A potential difference of 0 V between 2 points implies 0 A of current fiowing through them. The current I in Figure drawn below is 0 A since the potential difference across R2 is 0 V. In this case, a physical path is there but there exists no potential difference. This is equivalent to open circuit.
The potential difference across R2 is 0 V, thus the current I is 0 A here Vs and Is are voltage and current sources respectively.
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