Mechanical waves : The waves which require medium for their propagation are called mechanical waves.
Example : Waves on string and spring, waves on water surface, sound waves, seismic waves.
Non-mechanical waves : The waves which do not require medium for their propagation are called non- mechanical or electromagnetic waves.
Examples : Light, heat (Infrared), radio waves, γ- rays, X-rays etc.
Transverse waves : Particles of the medium execute simple harmonic motion about their mean position in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave motion.
(i) It goes in the form of crests and troughs.
(ii) A crest is a section of the phase which is raised temporarily above the normal position of rest of the particles of the medium when a transverse wave passes through it.
(iii) A trough is a part of the phase which is depressed temporarily below the normal position of rest of the particles of the medium, when transverse wave passes through it.
(iv) Examples of transverse wave motion: Movement of string of a sitar or violin, movement of kink on a rope, wave's set-up on the surface of water.
(v) Transverse waves may be transferred through solids; they may be setup on the surface of liquids. But they cannot be transmitted into gases and liquids.
Longitudinal waves : If the particles of a medium vibrate in the direction of wave motion the wave is called longitudinal.
(i) It goes in the form of compression and rarefaction.
(ii) A compression (C) is a region of the medium in which particles are compressed.
(iii) A rarefaction (R) is a region of the medium in which particles are rarefied.
(iv) Examples sound rays go through air in the form of longitudinal waves, Vibration of air column in organ pipes are longitudinal, Vibration of air column above the surface of water in the tube of resonance apparatus are longitudinal.
(v) These waves can be transmitted through liquids, gases and solids because for these rays propagation, volume elasticity is necessary.
One dimensional wave : Energy is transferred in a single direction only.
Example : Wave propagating in a stretched string.
Two dimensional wave : Energy is transferred in a plane in two mutually perpendicular directions.
Example : Wave propagating on the surface of water.
Three dimensional wave : Energy in transferred in space in all direction.
Example : Light and sound waves propagating in space.
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