Types of rocket propellants:

Depending upon the physical state, propellants can be classified as:

(i) Solid propellants: The solid propellants are mixtures of solid fuel and a solid oxidizer. These are further divided into two classes,

(a) Composite propellants: These are solid propellants which use polymeric binder such as polyurethane or polybutadiene as a fuel and a solid oxidizer such as ammonium perchlorate, chlorate or nitrate. The performance of these propellants can be increased by using some additives such as finely divided magnesium or aluminum metal along with the fuel.

(b) Double base propellants: These are solid propellants which mainly use nitroglycerine and nitrocellulose. The nitrocellulose sets in nitroglycerine set in as a solid mass.

The main disadvantage of solid propellants is that these propellants once ignited will continue burning with pre calculated rate. These may not be regulated.

(ii) Liquid propellants: These consist of an oxidizer such as liquid oxygen, nitrogen tetroxide (N₂O₂) or nitric acid and a fuel such as alcohol, hydrazine, liquid hydrogen and kerosene. These are further divided as,

(a) Monopropellants: The propellants in which a single chemical compound acts as fuel as well as oxidizer are called monopropellants. As, nitro methane, methyl nitrate, hydrogen peroxide, hydrazine, etc. Except hydrazine, the other compounds contain both the oxidizer and the fuel elements in the same molecule.

(b) Bipropellants: These are propellants in which the fuel and oxidizer are stored separately but are allowed to combine at the time of combustion. For example, liquid oxygen and kerosene.

•      Hydrazine can react both as a monoliquid as well as a biliquid propellant. Hydrazine (H₂N-NH₂) acts as a monoliquid propellant as it decomposes exothermally into hot gaseous mixture of N₂ and H₂,

As a biliquid propellant with liquid oxygen as oxidizer,

Advantages of Biliquid Propellants over Solid Propellants

•       The biliquid propellants produce higher thrust than solid propellants.
•       The thrust generated by liquid propellants can be controlled by switching on and off the flow of propellants. On the other case, the thrust may not be controlled in solid propellants.

        (iii) Hybrid propellants: These are the propellants which consist of solid fuel and a liquid oxidiser. For example, liquid N₂O₄ (liquid oxidizer) and acrylic rubber (solid fuel).

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