Types of detergents
(1) Anionic detergent: Long chain alcohols are used in the manufacture of some of the synthetic anionic detergents. The extended chain alcohols are treated with concentrated sulphuric acid to form alkyl hydrogen sulphates of high molecular mass and finally the alkyl sulphates are neutralized with alkali to form salts.
- The single anionic detergents is major use today in household detergents is alkylbenzene-sulphonate.
(2) Cationic detergent: These are mostly acetates or chlorides of quaternary amines. Being more exclusive than the anionic detergents they find limited use. Such detergents however, have germicidal properties and are used quite extensively as germicides. Cetyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride, is an example.
Cationic Detergent
(3) Non ionic detergent: Esters of high molecular mass formed by reactions between polyethylene glycol and stearic acid.
A quantity of liquid dishwashing detergents are of nonionic type.
Detergent molecules related with branched hydrocarbon tail which is a source of pollution.
The hydrocarbon side chain stops bacteria from attacking and breaking the chains. This results in sluggish degradation of detergent molecules leading to their growth. These days the quantity of branching may be kept to a minimum. Unbranched chains are simpler to attack by bacteria so the detergents are more easily biodegraded and pollution is prevented.
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