Thermionic and gaseous state diodes
Thermionic diodes are thermionic-valve devices (also called as vacuum tubes, tubes, or valves), which are arrangements of electrodes surrounded by the vacuum within a glass envelope. Early examples were fairly alike in appearance to incandescent light bulbs.
In the thermionic valve diodes, a current through heater filament indirectly heats cathode, another internal electrode treated with the mixture of barium and strontium oxides, which are the oxides of alkaline earth metals; these substances are taken because they have a small work function. (Some valves make use of direct heating, in which a tungsten filament acts as heater and cathode both.) The heat causes thermionic emission of the electrons into vacuum. In forward operation, a surrounding metal electrode known as anode is positively charged so that it electrostatically attracts emitted electrons. But the electrons are not easily released from unheated anode surface when the voltage polarity is reversed. Thus, any reverse flow is negligible.
For much of 20th century, thermionic valve diodes were taken in use in analog signal applications, and as rectifiers in many power supplies. Nowadays, valve diodes are only used in niche applications like rectifiers in electric guitar and high-end audio amplifiers also a specialized high- voltage equipment.
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