Theories of catalysis

The two theories of catalysis which are described as follows-

(1) Intermediate compound theory

(i) This theory was proposed by Clement and Desormes in the year1806. In accordance to this theory, the desired reaction is brought about by the path including the formation of the unstable intermediate compound, followed by the decomposition into the desired end products with the regeneration of the catalyst.

(ii) The intermediate compound can be formed in either of the two ways

(a) When an intermediate compound is reactive and reacts with other reactants.

(b) When an intermediate is unstable and decomposes to provide the final product.

                         ..... (ii)           

Where, A, B and C are the reactant molecules and X is the molecule of the catalyst. The first type of reaction sums up to, 

While the second to,   in many cases, the intermediate compounds postulated to be formed are known compounds and often their presence is detected.

(2) Adsorption theory 

(i) This theory is applicable to reactions between gases in the presence of a solid catalyst. Some of thetypical examples are as follows.

(ii) The contact process for oxidation of SO₂ to SO₃ with atmospheric oxygen in the presence of the platinum as catalyst.

(iii) The process of Haber's for the synthesis of ammonia with iron as the catalyst.

(iv) The adsorption results in the loosening of chemical bonds in the reactant molecules, so their rupture becomes much easier. This can be confirmed by the observed lower activation energies for heterogeneous catalytic reactions in the presence of the catalysts as compared to that for the same reaction in the absence of the catalyst.

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