The Telecommunication System:
The Public Switched Telephone Network or PSTN was the first telecom network. The PSTN telephone lines used analog technology. In this network system, copper wires carry the transmitted data in the form of electrical pulses from one end to another. PSTN ensures good audio quality over the network. The service provided by the PSTN is called the plain old telephone service (POTS).
A shift from analog to digital connections is now taking place. Telecommunications networks like ISDN and FDDI[5] (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) use digital technology. Digital connections transmit data in the form of 0's and 1's. They are much faster and clearer than analog transmission. Let us discuss some of the elements of a telecommunication system - service providers, transmission media and standards and regulations/regulatory authorities.
Transmission Media
The process of communication involves the transfer of information from one place to another. This information could be in the form of text, graphics, sound, images, etc. Various transmission media enable this transfer of information.
Transmission media include all the physical media through which the data is transmitted between the computer systems. These include the open wires, twisted-pair wires, coaxial cables, optical fibers, terrestrial microwaves, communication satellites, cellular phone systems, and wireless LANs. These media will be discussed in detail later in the chapter. The efficacy of communication depends upon the type of transmission media chosen.
A variety of transmission media is used for providing regional and long-distance services between the local telephone exchanges. These include copper wires, fiber-optic cables, microwaves, and satellites. A technique called multiplexing has been developed for long distance transmission. Multiplexing is a process through which a system is designated for transmitting two or more signals simultaneously over the same channel.
Standards and Regulations/Regulatory Authorities
Many companies are offering telecommunication services worldwide. It is therefore essential that certain standards for telecom services be enforced. The telecommunication standards are governed by the International Telecommunication Union (ITU), previously called the Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT).
The ITU was established on May 17, 1865, in Paris. It is currently a specialized division of the United Nations. The organization has its headquarters at Geneva, Switzerland. The ITU is divided into three sectors. These are Telecommunication Standardization or ITU-T, Radiocommunication or ITU-R, and Telecommunication Development or ITU-D. As of 2006, the ITU comprised more than 191 member countries.
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