The private access level in Java:

By prefacing a method or instance variable with the keyword private the programmer specifies that the member can be accessed only within its defining class. This is the most restrictive level of access you can specify. Private members are never inherited, so can never be accessed by subclasses as if they were part of the subclass. Which access level should I use? The various levels of access we have described here can be mixed throughout a class definition. In keeping with the principles of information hiding, it is generally best to use the most restrictive level of access that meets your purpose. Using a more accessible level than is necessary is liable to cause maintenance problems, if not actual misuse, eventually. A rule of thumb is to have public methods and private data. The premise of this rule is that the methods are the channels of communication with the object, which you wish to keep open, and that the data is the object's internal representation of information, not for outside viewing. Most of the Java classes that you will encounter will have most, if not all, of their methods declared as public and their instance variables declared as private. Some methods may provide a service needed only inside the class. These are often known as helper methods or helpers and it is normal practice for them to be private.

We will not be making extensive use of protected or default access types, but your understanding of Java would be incomplete without us having discussed them. A common error is to forget to use an access modifier, at which point, if your classes are not in the same package, you may find that your code does not compile. 

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