The Carnot cycle
Carnot, a French engineer, in the year 1824 employed merely theoretical and an imaginary reversible cycle known as carnot cycle to demonstrate the maximum convertibility of heat into work.
The system comprises of one mole of an ideal gas enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a piston, which is subjected to a series of four successive operations.
For cyclic process, the essential condition is that net work done is equal to heat absorbed. This condition can be satisfied in the Carnot cycle.
Thermodynamic efficiency
Thus, the larger the temperature difference between the high and low temperature reservoirs, more the heat converted into work by the heat engine.
Since , 
it follows that w<q2. This means that only a part of heat absorbed by the system at the higher temperature is changed into work. The rest of the heat is given out to surroundings. The effectiveness of the heat engine is always less than 1. This has led to the following enunciation of the second law of thermodynamics.
It is nearly impossible to convert heat into work without compensation.
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