Synthetic Detergents : The synthetic detergents or Syndets are substitutes of soaps. They have cleansing power as good or better than ordinary soaps. Like soap, they contain both hydrophilic (water soluble) and hydrophobic (oil-soluble) parts in the molecule.

         Some of the detergents used these days are given below:

         (i) Sodium alkyl sulphates : These are sodium salts of sulphuric acid esters of long chain aliphatic alcohols containing usually 10 to 15 carbon atoms. The alcohols are obtained from oils or fats by hydrogenolysis.

         The other examples are sodium cetyl sulphate,C₁₆H₃₃OSO₂ONa and sodium stearyl sulphate, CH₃(CH)₁₆CH₂OSO₃ONa. Unlike ordinary soaps, they do not produce OH^- ions on hydrolysis and thus can be safely used for woollen garments.

         (ii) Sodium alkyl benzene sulphonates : Sodium p-dodecyl benzene sulphonate (S.D.S.) acts as a good detergent. It is most widely used since 1975.

         These long chain alkyl benzene sulphonate (L.A.S.) are most widely used syndets.

         (iii) Quaternary ammonium salts : Quaternary ammonium salts with long chain alkyl group have been used as detergents, e.g., trimethyl stearyl ammonium bromide.

         (iv) Sulphonates with triethanol ammonium ion in place of sodium serve as highly soluble materials for liquid detergents.

         (v) Partially esterified polyhydroxy compounds also acts as detergents.

         Detergents are superior cleansing agents due to following properties.

         (i) These can be used both in soft and hard waters as the calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water form soluble salts with detergents. Ordinary soap cannot be used in hard water.

         (ii) The aqueous solution of detergents are neutral. Hence these can be used for washing all types of fabrics without any damage. The solution or ordinary soap is alkaline and thus cannot be used to wash delicate fabrics.

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