Succinic Acid or Butane-1,4-Dioic Acid :

              or (CH₂)₂(COOH)₂ or (C₄H₆O₄)

         It was first obtained by the distillation of yellow fossil, resin, amber and hence its name (Latin, Succinum = amber).

         It is also formed in small amount during the fermentation of sugar.

         (1) Methods of Preparation

         (i) From ethylene

         (ii) From maleic acid [catalytic reduction]

•           This is an industrial method.

         (iii) Reduction of tartaric acid or malic acid 

Physical properties

         (i) It is a white crystalline solid. It melts at 188^o C.

         (ii) It is less soluble in water. It is comparatively more soluble in alcohol.

Uses : It finds use in volumetric analysis, medicine and in the manufacture of dyes, perfumes and polyester resins.

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