Subnetting

Subnetting means organizing hierarchies within the network by dividing the host ID as according to our network. For example consider the network ID : 150.29.a.b

We could organize the remaining sixteen bits in any way, like :

4 bits - department

4 bits - LAN

8 bits - host

This gives some structure to the host IDs. This partition is not visible to the outside world. They still see presently the network number, and host number.The network will have an inner routing table which stores information about which router to send an address to. Now took the case where we have: eight bits - subnet number, and eight bits - host number. Every router on the network has to know about all subnet numbers. This is known the subnet mask. We set the network number and subnet number bits as one and the host bits as zero.

For that reason, in this case the subnet mask becomes 255.255.255.0. The hosts too need to know the subnet mask when they send a packet. To find if 2 addresses are on the same subnet, we could AND source address with subnet mask, and destination end address with with subnet mask, and see if the 2 results are the same. The essential reason for sub netting was avoiding broadcast. But if at the minor level, our switches are neat enough to send directed messages, then we do not need subnetting. On the other hand, sub netting has some security related reward.

Supernetting

This is moving towards class-less addressing. We can say that the network number is twenty bits ( for eight class C networks ) or say that it is 24 bits and seven numbers following that. For example : w.x.y.z / 21 This means only look at the first 21 bits as the network address.

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