Structure of glucose

         (i) Open chain structure : The structure of D-glucose as elucidated by Emil Fischer is,

         (b) Ordinary glucose is a-glucose, with a fresh aqueous solution has specific rotation, [a]_D + 111^o. On keeping the solution for some time; a-glucose slowly changes into an equilibrium mixture of a-glucose (36%) and b-glucose (64%) and the mixture has specific rotation + 52.5^o.

         Similarly a fresh aqueous solution of b-glucose having specific rotation, [a]_D + 19.7^o, on keeping (standing) gradually changes into the same equilibrium mixutre (having, specific rotation +52.7^o) So an aqueous solution of glucose shows a physical characteristics, define as mutarotation, i.e., a change in the value of specific rotation (muta=change; rotation = specific rotation) is called mutarotation.

         (c) Tollen's and Fischer state that the ring or the internal hemiacetal is formed between C¹ and C⁴. It means the ring is Furan type or 5-membered ring; this is called Furanose strucutre,

         However according to Haworth and Hirst the ring is formed between C¹ and C⁵. It means the ring is Pyran type or 6-membered ring; this is defined as Pyranose structure.

         (d) Haworth structure : The two forms of D-glucose are also shown by Haworth projection formula which are given below,

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