Straight lines:
Any equation of 1st degree of the form ax + by + c = 0, where a, b, c, are constants always represents a straight line (at least one out of a and b is non-zero).
Slope or gradient of a line:
If q is angle at which a straight line is inclined in positive direction of x-axis, then tanq is known as slope or gradient of the line, here 0 ≤ θ < 180° (θ ≠ 90°).
Note: (i) If the line is parallel to x-axis, then the slope of it is equal to tan0° = 0.
(ii) Slope of a line perpendicular to the x-axis is not defined. Whenever we say that slope of a line is not defined, we mean that line is perpendicular to x-axis.
Distance between two points:
Let P and Q are 2 points whose coordinates are (x1, y1) and (x2, y2), then
Note: The distance is always positive. Hence we often write PQ instead of |PQ|.
Key tools
In order to prove that the given figure is a
1. Square: Prove that the 4 sides are equal and the diagonals are equal.
2. Rhombus (but not a square): Prove that the 4 sides are equal but the diagonals are not equal.
3. Rectangle: Prove that opposite sides are equal and diagonals are also equal.
4. Parallelogram (but not a rectangle): Prove that opposite sides are equal but the diagonals are not equal.
Note: In each of these cases diagonals are bisecting each other.
5. Equilateral Triangle: Prove all 3 sides are equal.
6. Isosceles Triangle: Prove 2 opposite side are equal. (Opposite angle are equal)
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