Stability Factor:

The  operating  point  can  be  made  stable  by  keeping both  I_C   and  V_CE   constant.  There are 2 techniques to make Q point stable.

1.   Stabilization techniques

2.   Compensation techniques

In first, resistor biasing circuits are used which let I_B  to vary so as to keep I_C  relatively constant with the variations in b_dc, I_CO and V_BE.

In the second, temperature sensitive devices like diodes, transistors are used which provide compensating voltages and currents to maintain operating point constant.

To compare the different biasing circuits, stability factor S can be defined as rate of change of collector current with respect to I_CO, keeping b_dc and V_CE constant

S = ∂ I_C /  ∂ I_CO

If S is large, then the circuit is thermally instable. The value of S cannot be less than unity. The other stability factors are,  ∂ I_C /  ∂ b_dc and  ∂ I_C /  ∂ V_BE. The bias circuit, which has stability with I_CO, also show stability even if the value of b and V_BE changes.

I_C = b _dcI_B + (I + b _dc ) I_CO

Differentiating it with respect to I_C,

In the fixed bias circuit, I_B & I_C are independent. So  and S = 1 + bdc. If b _dc=100, S = 101, which means I_C  increases 101 times as fast as I_CO. This large change definitely operates transistor in the saturation.

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