The Spontaneous and Non-spontaneous occurring processes
A process which can occur by itself under the given set of the conditions once it has been initiated if needed is said to be the spontaneous process. We can also state that spontaneous process is a process that can occur without work being done on it. The spontaneous occurring process are also called feasible or probable processes.
On the other hand, the processes which are forbidden and are made to take place only by supplying energy continuously from outside the system are called non-spontaneous processes. Or we can say that non spontaneous processes can be brought about by doing work.
The examples of the Spontaneous and Non-spontaneous processes are as follows
(1) The diffusion of the solute from a concentrated solution to a dilute solution occurs when these are brought into contact is spontaneous process.
(2) Mixing of different gases is spontaneous process.
(3) Heat flows from a hot reservoir to a cold reservoir is spontaneous process.
(4) Electricity flows from high potential to low potential is spontaneous process.
(5) Expansion of an ideal gas into vacuum through a pinhole is spontaneous process.
All the above given spontaneous processes becomes non-spontaneous when we reverse them by doing the work.
Spontaneous process and Enthalpy change : A spontaneous process is accompanied by decrease in internal energy or enthalpy, which means work can be obtained by the spontaneous process. It shows that only exothermic reactions are spontaneous. But melting of the ice and evaporation of water are the endothermic processes which also proceed spontaneously. It shows that, there is some other factor in addition to enthalpy change (ΔH = 0) which explains the spontaneous nature of the system. This factor known as entropy.
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