Soaps :
Soaps are the metallic salts of higher fatty acids such as stearic, palmitic, oleic, etc. The potassium and sodium salts are the common soaps which are soluble in water and used for cleansing purposes. Soaps of other metals such as magnesium, zinc, calcium, chromium, lead, etc., are not soluble in water. These are not used for cleansing purposes but for other purposes (lubricants, driers, adhesives, etc.)
Ordinary soaps (sodium and potassium) are the products of hydrolysis of oils and fats with sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. The fats and oils are mixed up glycerides and thus soaps are mixtures of salts of saturated and unsaturated long chain carboxylic acids containing 12 to 18 carbon molecules. This method always provides glycerol as a byproduct.
There are three methods for manufacture of soaps :
(i) The cold process
(ii) The hot process
(iii) Modern process
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