Second law of thermodynamics
All the limitations of the first law of the thermodynamics can be removed by the second law of thermodynamics. This law is the generalization of certain experiences about the heat engines and the refrigerators. It has been stated in various ways, but all the statements are logically equivalent to one another.
(1) Statements of the law
(i) Kelvin statement: It is not to derive a continuous supply of work by cooling a body to a temperature lower than that of the coldest of its surroundings.
(ii) Clausius statement : It is not possible for the self acting machine, unaided by any of the external agency, to transfer heat from one body to another at a higher temperature or Heat cannot itself pass from a colder body to a hotter body, but tends invariably towards a lower thermal level.
(iii) Ostwald statement : It is not possible to construct a machine functioning in cycle which can convert heat completely into equivalent amount of work without producing changes elsewhere, that is perpetual motions are not allowed.
(iv) Carnot statement: It is not possible to take the heat from a hot reservoir and convert it completely into the work by a cyclic process without transferring the part of it to a cold reservoir.
(2) Proof of the law: No rigorous proof is available for second law. The formulation of second law is based upon the observations and has yet to be disproved. There are no deviations of this law have so far been reported. Although, the law is applicable to cyclic processes only.
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