Rutherford's a-particle scattering experiment
Rutherford performed experiments on the scattering of alpha particles by extremely thin gold foils and made the following observations
Number of scattered particles:
(i) Most of the a-particles pass through the foil straight away undeflected.
(ii) Some of them are deflected through small angles.
(iii) A few a-particles (1 in 1000) are deflected through the angle more than 90o.
(iv) A few a -particles (very few) returned back i.e. deflected by 180o.
(v) Distance of closest approach (Nuclear dimension)
The minimum distance from the nucleus up to which the a-particle approach, is called the distance of closest approach (r0). From figure 
= K.E. of a-particle
(vi) Impact parameter (b): The perpendicular distance of the velocity vector ( ) of the a-particle from the centre of the nucleus when it is far away from the nucleus is known as impact parameter. It is given as 
After Rutherford's scattering of a-particles experiment, following conclusions were made as regard as atomic structure:
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(a) Most of the volume and each of the charge of an atom concentrated in a very small region is called atomic nucleus.
(b) Nucleus has positive charge and it's size is of the order of 10-15 m » 1 Fermi.
(c) In a molecule there is maximum empty space and the electrons revolve around the nucleus in the same way as the planets revolve around the sun.
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