Robotics
Robotics is an automation technology that has received considerable attention since 1960s. It is based on two related technologies: numerical control and teleoperators. Numerical control (NC) is a method of controlling machines by means of numbers coded on punched paper, tape or other media. Teleoperator is a mechanical manipulator that is controlled by an individual from a remote location.
Since the late 1960s, major developments in microelectronics and computer technology have led to significant advances in robotics. For example, in the automobile industry, the introduction of computer-controlled one-armed robotic devices has helped in the automation of the assembly lines to a great extent. These one-armed robots are capable of doing several tasks such as lifting, welding, assembling parts and spray-painting of automobile bodies. These mechanical arms are programmed by physically moving them through the desired motions. The different movements are recorded in the computer's memory so that they can be repeated precisely. Some high-performance robots have built-in sensors that enable them to correct their movements if there is a deviation from the programmed patterns. Others using electronic digital cameras, inspect automobile bodies to make certain that their dimensions meet the design specifications. Similar kinds of advanced high performance robots have been adopted by other industries which use assembly lines in their manufacturing processes. A large number of electronic firms employ robots to sort or test finished products. Refer Exhibit 21.2 for expert systems used in different services.
Exhibit
Artificial Intelligence in Services
Natural language processors are being used as front-end interfaces between the user and conventional computer resources, such as database systems to make them more user-friendly. Some of the earliest practical expert systems were developed in the medical field. One such system is MYCIN, an expert system that helps physicians diagnose bacterial infections. Based on the patient's symptoms and test results, the system diagnoses, and suggests additional tests. In addition, MYCIN can provide information on a particular diagnosis. The MYCIN system is an example of the flexibility of an expert system's inference engine.
Expert systems have shown great promise as instructional aids, especially in advanced or highly technical fields. Expert system tutorials can be used to provide instructions in algebra, geometry, calculus and computer programming languages. These programs can, not only detect errors in syntax or incorrect calculations, but also detect errors in logic.
Expert systems can even offer advices. In banking, Expert systems help equity traders in selecting appropriate broker for a particular transaction based on the investment requirements. Artificial intelligence (AI) systems have been used successfully to assist customer service representatives in selecting the appropriate product mix for a particular customer. Expert systems can also be applied to commercial lending, securities analysis, financial planning and interest rate swaps. Artificial intelligence systems are also used to automate many clerical functions, such as reviewing loans, monitoring late payments, and analyzing letters of credit.
Many applications of AI, such as those in training and software development, are being used in manufacturing and service firms. Artificial intelligence based systems will have a broad impact on the functioning of many firms in future
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