Regions of operation

Applied voltages  B-E Junction     B-C Junction   Mode (NPN)

                                   Bias (NPN)        Bias (NPN)

E < B < C                  Forward         Reverse          Forward active

E < B > C                  Forward         Forward         Saturation

E > B < C                  Reverse         Reverse          Cut-off

E > B > C                  Reverse         Forward         Reverse-active

The bipolar transistors have 5 distinct regions of operation, defined by BJT junction biases.

The modes of operation can be described in the terms of applied voltages (this description applies to NPN transistors; polarities are reversed for the PNP transistors):

• Forward active: base higher than the emitter, collector higher than base.
• Saturation: base higher than the emitter, but collector is not higher than the base.
• Cut-Off: base lower than the emitter, but collector is higher than the base. It means the transistor is not letting conventional current to go through the collector to emitter.
• Reverse-action: base lower than the emitter, collector lower than the base: reverse conventional current goes through the transistor. 

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