Radioactivity
Radioactivity is the process in which the nuclei of certain elements undergo spontaneous disintegration without excitation of any external means and the elements whose atoms disintegrate and emit the radiations are called as radioactive elements.
The scientist named Henry Becquerel (1891) observed the spontaneous emission of the invisible, penetrating rays from the potassium uranyl sulphate , which affected the photographic plate in dark and were able to produce the luminosity in substances such as ZnS.
Later on, the scientist M.M. Curie and her husband P Curie named this phenomenon of the spontaneous emission of penetrating rays Radioactivity.
The Curies also discovered a new radioactive element named as Radium from the pitchblende (an ore of U that is ) which is about 3 million times more radioactive than the uranium. Now a day's about 42 radioactive elements are known to us.
The radioactivity can be broadly classified into two types,
(1) If the substance emits radiations by itself, it is said to possess the natural radioactivity.
(2) If the substance begins emitting radiations on the exposure to rays from some natural radioactive substance, the phenomenon is termed as induced or artificial radioactivity.
It can be detected and measured by a number of devices such as proportional counter, Geiger Muller counter, ionisation chamber, flow counter, end window counter, Wilson cloud chamber, electroscope, scintillation counter, etc.
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