Quality of Information:
Quality is subjective in behaviour and hence its parameters could be clearly desscribed in order to judge the quality of information. The several parameters of quality are consistency, validity, reliability, age and impartiality. These parameters are given below:
- Validity denotes to the use of information and its suitability. That is, whether the information may be used for decision-making or analysis.
- Consistency denotes to uniformity or continuity in data collection.
- Reliability denotes to the credibility and accuracy of data collection and the porocess of presenting the data.
- Impartiality denotes to the information which is free from bias and errors .
- Age denotes to the suitability or usefulness of the data for current times. Information could be regularly updated.
Often, too much preference and importance is given to the quantity of information rather than the quality. This tends to the occurrence of errors and bias. Data and messages may get distorted due to such errors and bias.
Errors
Errors may occur due to:
- incorrect data collection methods
- incorrect data measurement methods
- failure to follow the correct procedure for processing the data
- intentional misrepresentation
- mistakes in recording or corrections to the data
- loss of data
- non-processed or semi-processed data
- incomplete data
- incorrect master file
Often, it happens that the receiver of the information is unaware of the errors. He/she is of the view that the information provided is correct, accurate, and free from errors. Errors are not always deliberate and therefore, certain measures can be taken to minimize them. Some of the measures to overcome errors are:
- internal controls
- internal audit and external audit
- instructions pertaining to measurement and processing of information
- additional parameters that state the level of confidence with regard to the accuracy of information
The first two measures can be used to reduce the uncertainty of information while the last two ascertain the credibility of the information.
Bias:
Bias is another factor that distorts the message communicated. Bias generally occurs due to the tendency of people to hide certain sensitive issues that affect them. They either try to tamper with the message or deliberately omit certain portions so that the information is not complete. Sometimes, bias also may take place unconsciously or unintentionally. In order to avoid such bias in information, the top management should establish a formal communication structure.
Certain situations also arise where the information given is incomplete and the inference that is specified provides only a little scope for verification. As the inference is already specified, it is possible that bias may have occurred during the process of collection of data, processing of the data, and presentation of data. Finally, the design of the IS may result in bias. In order to avoid distortion, the information systems should be made flexible while ensuring that the costs are kept low.
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