Wet tests for acid radicals : Salt or mixture is treated with dil. H2SO4 and also with conc. H2SO4 separately and by observing the types of gases evolved. Confirmatory checks of anions are done.
Table: Observations with Dilute H2SO4
|
Observation
|
Acid Radical
|
Confiramatory Test
|
|
Colourless pungent gas giving white fumes with aq. NH4OH
|
Cl- (chloride)
|
Add MnO2 in the same test tube and heat-pale green Cl2 gas (i)
S.E.+HNO3 + AgNO3 solution -white ppt. soluble in aq. NH3 (ii)
Chromyl chloride test (iii)
|
|
Reddish brown fumes
|
Br-(bromide)
|
Add MnO2 and heat -yellowish brown Br2 gas (iv)
S.E.+HNO3 + AgNO3 solution -pale yellow ppt. partially soluble aq. NH3 (v)
Layer test (vi)
|
|
Violet pungent vapours converting starch paper blue.
|
I-(iodide)
|
S.E.+HNO3 + AgNO3 → yellow ppt. insoluble in aq. NH3 (vii)
Layer test (vi)
|
Reactions
Chloride : (i) 
(iii) Chromyl- chloride test :
Chloride + 
reddish brown vapours of chromyl-chloride. Pass these vapours into NaOH when yellow Na2CrO4 solution is formed. On adding CH3COOH and (CH3COO)2Pb, yellow ppt. of lead chromate is formed.
Bromide :
;
(vi) Layer Test : S.E + Cl2 water +CHCl3 → yellowish orange colour in CHCl3 layer (CS2 or CCl4 can be taken instead of CHCl3);
In case of I-, violet colour of I2 in CHCl3 layer, 
(violet)
Iodide : (vii) 
Nitrate : 
(viii) Ring test : To water extract (all NO-3 are water soluble) add freshly prepared FeSO4 solution and then conc. H2SO4 carefully by the side of the test- tube. A dark brown ring of [Fe(H2O)5NO]2+SO42-at the interface between the two liquids is formed.
Oxalate : 
CO burns with blue flame and CO2 turns lime water milky.
(ix) 
(x) 
decolourises acidified KMnO4
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