Product-focused
Also referred to as Line flow production system, this type of processing system is used mostly in production departments that are organized according to the type of product or service being produced. In this type of process design, products or services tend to flow along linear paths without backtracking or side tracking. Items follow a similar production sequence, which can be anything from a pipeline (for oil) to an assembly line (for televisions or radios). Figure 1 illustrates the direct, linear and continuous paths in which raw materials, components, sub assemblies, assemblies and finished products flow in the production of a hypothetical product. A product-focused production system is generally designed for three forms of production: discrete unit manufacturing, process manufacturing, and delivery of services.
Discrete unit manufacturing
Discrete unit manufacturing refers to the production of distinct products like radio or television sets. These products can be made in batches, and the system can be shifted to produce other products in similar batches.
Process manufacturing
Process manufacturing involves the movement of materials between operations such as screening, crushing, storing, mixing, milling, blending, cooking, fermenting, evaporating and distilling. It is widely applied in the cement, plastic, paper, chemical, steel and brewing industries. Figure 2 illustrates the movement of materials in a cement plant which uses a process manufacturing production system.
Figure 1: Schematic Layout of a Product Focused Production System
Figure 2: Process Manufacturing System - A Layout in a Cement Plant
Delivery of services
Delivery of services can also use a product-focused production system. In such a system, services are administered to customers while they move in a queue or in a linear route. Services delivered by waiters in restaurants make use of this system.
Product-focused systems offer many advantages like low unit costs, high volumes of production and ease of planning. However, they require higher initial investments because of the use of specialized and expensive fixed position processing equipment in the production process. Many managers prefer this system for the benefits it offers: low labor skill requirements, reduced worker training, reduced supervision and ease of control.
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