Power Factor

The term φ in Equation stated above is called as power factor and is a significant parameter in determining the amount of the actual power dissipated in load. In practise, power factor is used to specify the characteristics of the load.

For a purely resistive load φ= 0°, therefore Unity Power Factor

For a capacitive type load I leads V , therefore Leading power factor

For an inductive type load I lags V , therefore Lagging power factor

From Equation stated above, the current can be specified as follows

 
Evidently, for a fixed amount of demanded power, P, at a constant load voltage, V , a higher power factor draws less amount of current and therefore low I²R losses in the transmission lines. A purely reactive load where φ → 90° and cosφ → 0 will draw the excessively large amount of current and a power factor correction is needed as discussed in the next section.

Real and Apparent Power

 It is significant to highlight that in AC circuits, the product of voltage and current yields apparent power which is measured in volt-amperes² or VA. The real AC power can be given by Equation stated above which is measured in Watts.

Example

An AC generator can be rated at 900 kVA (450 V /2000 A). This is apparent power and represents highest current and voltage magnitudes the machine can output without the temperature exceeding the recommended value. The load voltage, but, could be 230 V with a supplied current depending on the load impedance. The phase angle in between current and voltage determines the power factor and real power can be calculated by using the above Equation.

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