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Positive rays are sometimes known as the canal waves. These were found by Goldstein. If the cathode of a discharged tube has holes in it and the pressure of the gas is around 10-3 mm of Hg then faint luminous glow comes out from each hole on the backside of the cathode. It is said positive pulses which are rolling out from the holes.
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Origin of positive rays: When potential difference is applied across the electrodes, electrons are gone from the cathode. As they move towards anode, they gain power. These energetic electrons when hit with the atoms of the gas in the discharge tube, they ionize the atoms. The positive ions so formed at various places between cathode and anode travel towards the cathode. Since during their motion, the positive ions when arrives the cathode, some pass through the holes in the cathode. These branches are the positive pulses.
Properties of positive rays
(i) These are positive ions having same mass if the experimental gas does not have isotopes. However if the gas has substances then positive pulses are group of positive ions having different masses.
(ii) They are deflected by magnetic and electric fields but the deflections are small as compared to that for cathode pulses.
(iii) They carry momentum and energy. The kinetic energy of positive pulses is more than that of cathode pulses.
(iv) The value of charge on positive pulses is an integral multiple of electronic charge.
(v) They cause ionization (which is much more than that produced by cathode pulses).
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