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Light propagates as transverse EM rays. The magnitude of electric field is much larger as compared to magnitude of magnetic field. We usually prefer to describe light as electric field oscillations.
Unpolarized light: In ordinary light (light from sun, bulb etc.) the electric field vectors are distributed in all directions in a light is called unpolarized light. The oscillation of propagation of light ray. This resolved into horizontal and vertical component.
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Polarized light: The phenomenon of limiting the vibrating of electric field vector in one direction in a plane perpendicular to the direction of propagation of light wave is called polarization of light.
(i) The plane in which oscillation happens in the polarized light is called plane of oscillation.
(ii) The plane perpendicular to the surface of oscillation is called plane of polarization.
(iii) Light may be polarized by transmitting through certain crystals such as tourmaline or Polaroid's.
Polaroid's: It is a device used to produce the plane polarized light. It is based on the principle of selective absorption and is more effective than the tourmaline crystal. or
It is a thick layer of ultramicroscopic crystals of quinine idosulphate with their optic axis parallel to each other.
(i) Polaroid's give the light oscillations parallel to the transmission axis pass through them.
(ii) The crystal or Polaroid on which unpolarized light is incident called polarizer. Crystal or Polaroid on which polarized light is incident is called analyzer.
(A) Transmission axes of the polarizer and analyzer are parallel to each other, so whole of the polarized light passes through analyzer
(B) Transmission axis of the analyzer is perpendicular to the polarizer; hence no light passes through the analyzer
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