Physical properties of monohydric alcohols

         (i) Character : Alcohols are neutral component. These have no effect on litmus paper. This is analytical investigation for alcohols.

         (ii) Physical state : The lower alcohols (upto C₁₂) are colourless alcohol with characteristic smell and burning taste. The larger members with more than 12-carbon atoms are colourless and odourless solids.

         (iii) Polar character : Oxygen atom of the - OH group is more electronegative than both carbon and hydrogen. Thus the electron density closer to oxygen atom is slightly higher. Hydrogen bonding shown below

           . This gives polar character to OH bond.

         (iv) Solubility : The lower alcohols are miscible in water.

         Increase in carbon-chain increases organic part hence solubility in water decreases.

         Isomeric 1°, 2°, 3° alcohols have solubility in order 1°> 2°> 3°.

         (v) Boiling points : Due to intermolecular hydrogen bonding boiling points of alcohols are higher than hydrocarbon and ethers.

           ;  B.P. follows the trends :

         1° alcohol > 2° alcohol > 3° alcohol

         (vi) Density : Alcohols are lighter than water.

             Density    Molecular masses.

(vii) In toxicating effects : Methanol is poisonous and is not good for drinking purpose. It can be the reason death and blindness. Ethanol is utilized for drinking purposes.

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