Phenol (Carbolic acid), C­₆H­₅OH or Hydroxy benzene

   It was discovered by Runge in the middle oil fraction of coal-tar distillation and named it 'carbolic acid' (carbo = coal, oleum = oil) or phenol containing 5% water is liquid at room temperature and is termed as carbolic acid. It is also shows in traces in human urine.

   (1) Preparation of Phenol

   (i) From benzene sulphonic acid

   This is one of the laboratory methods for the generation of phenol. Same as methyl phenols (cresols) may be prepared.

   (ii) From benzene diazonium chloride

•           Diazonium salts are obtained from aniline and its derivatives by a process called diazotisation.

         (iii) From Grignard reagent

         (iv) From salicylic acid :

(v) Middle oil of coal tar distillation : Middle oil of coal-tar distillation has naphthalene and phenolic elements. Phenolic compounds are isolated in given steps.

         Step I : Middle oil is washed with H₂SO₄. It dissolves basic impurities like pyridine (base).

         Step II : Ecessive cooling separates naphthalene (a low melting solid)

         Step III : Filtrate of step II is treated with aqueous NaOH when phenols dissolve as phenoxides. Carbon dioxide is then given through the solution to liberate phenols.

         Step IV : Crude phenol (of step III) is subjected to fractional distillation.

         (vi) Raschig's process

         (vii) Dow process

         sodium phenoxide on reaction with mineral acid yields phenol.

         (viii) Oxidation of benzene

         (ix) Oxidation of isopropyl benzene [Cumene]

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