Petroleum refining : Separation of needful fractions by fractional distillation is called petroleum refining.
Table:
|
Fraction
|
Boiling range (oC)
|
Approximate composition
|
Uses
|
|
Uncondensed gases
|
Upto room temperature
|
C1 - C4
|
Fuel gases: refrigerants; production of carbon black, hydrogen; synthesis of organic chemicals.
|
|
Crude naphtha on refractionation yields,
|
30 - 150o
|
C5 - C10
|
|
|
(i) Petroleum ether
|
30 - 70o
|
C5 - C6
|
Solvent
|
|
(ii) Petrol or gasoline
|
70 - 120o
|
C6 - C8
|
Motor fuel; drycleaning; petrol gas.
|
|
(iii) Benzene derivatives
|
120 - 150o
|
C8 - C10
|
Solvent; drycleaning
|
|
Kerosene oil
|
150 - 250o
|
C11 - C16
|
Fuel; illuminant; oil gas
|
|
Heavy oil
|
250 - 400o
|
C15 - C18
|
As fuel for diesel engines; converted to gasoline by cracking.
|
|
Refractionation gives,
|
|
|
|
|
(i) Gas oil, (ii) Fuel oil,
(iii) Diesel oil
|
|
|
|
|
Residual oil on fractionation by vacuum distillation gives,
|
Above 400o
|
C17 - C40
|
|
|
(i) Lubricating oil
|
|
C17 - C20
|
Lubrication
|
|
(ii) Paraffin wax
|
|
C20 - C30
|
Candles; boot polish; wax paper; etc
|
|
(iii) Vaseline
|
|
C20 - C30
|
Toilets; ointments; lubrication.
|
|
(iv) Pitch
|
|
C30 - C40
|
Paints, road surfacing
|
|
Petroleum coke
(on redistilling tar)
|
|
|
As fuel.
|
Purification
(i) Treatment with concentrated sulphuric acid(H2SO4) : The gasoline or kerosene oil fraction is shaken with sulphuric acid to remove aromatic compounds like thiophene and other sulphur compound with impart offensive odour to gasoline and kerosene and also make them corrosive.
(ii) Doctor sweetening process :
(iii) Treatment with adsorbents : Several fractions are passed over adsorbents like alumina, silica or clay etc, when the undesirable compounds get adsorbed.
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