Operators
Operators specify the type of calculation that the user wants to execute on the elements of a formula. Excel consists of four types of operators: arithmetic, comparison, text, and reference.
Arithmetic operators
These operators execute the basic mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, division, and multiplication. They also combine numbers and generate numeric results. Table 4.1 lists out the arithmetic operators and their function, along with an example.
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Arithmetic Operators
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Function
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Example
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+
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Addition
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6+4
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-
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Subtraction
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5-3
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*
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Multiplication
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2*2
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/
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Division
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6/3
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%
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Percentage
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25%
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^
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Exponentiation
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2^3 (2*2*2)
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Comparison operators
These operators compare two values and then generate the result in the form of a logical data type, i.e., TRUE or FALSE. Table lists out the comparison operators and their functions, along with an example.
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Comparison Operators
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Function
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Example
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=
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Equal to
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P1=Q1
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<
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Less than
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P1<Q1
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>
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Greater than
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P1>Q1
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<=, ≤
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Less than or equal to
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P1<=Q1, P1≤Q1
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>=, ≥
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Greater than or equal to
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P1>=Q1, P1≥Q1
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<>, ≠
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Less than or greater than, but not equal to
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P1<>Q1, P1≠Q1
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Text operators:
The text operator ‘Ampersand' or ‘&' concatenates text values in two or more cells to generate a single value. For example, cell A2 contains ‘South ' and cell B2 contains ‘North'. The command =A2 & B2 can be used to combine the text in the two cells. This would produce the result South North.
Reference operators
Reference operators combine a range of cells for calculation. Table 4.3 lists the reference operators and their function, along with an example.
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Reference Operators
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Function
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Example
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Colon (:)
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It is also called the range operator. It indicates all the cells between and including the given two cell references.
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G2:G15
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Comma (,)
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It is also called the union operator. It combines multiple cell references to form a single reference.
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AVG(A2:A9, B2:B9)
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Space (a blank space)
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It is also called the intersection operator. It generates a single reference to all the cells that are common to the two given references.
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SUM(A2:A9 B2:A9)
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