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Rutherford's a-scattering experiment established that the mass of atom is concentrated with small positively charged region at the centre which is called 'nucleus'.
Nuclei are made up of neutron and proton. The quantity of protons in a nucleus (called the atomic number or proton number) is represented by the symbol Z. The number of neutrons (neutron number) is shown by N. The total quantity of neutrons and protons in a nucleus is called it's mass number A so A = Z + N.
Neutrons and proton, when described collectively are called nucleons.
Nucleus contains two types of particles : Protons and neutrons
Nuclides are represented as zAx where X denotes the chemical symbol of the element.
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Neutron
Neutron is a fundamental particle which is essential constituent of all nuclei except that of hydrogen molecule. It was discovered by Chadwick.
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A free neutron outside the nucleus is unstable and decays into proton and electron.
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(1) The charge of neutron: It is neutral
(2) The mass of neutron: 1.6750 * 10-27 kg
(3) Its spin angular momentum: 1/2 *(h/2π)J-s
(4) Its magnetic moment: 9.57 * 10-27 J/Tesla
(5) Its half life: 12 minutes
(6) Penetration power: High
(7) Types: Neutrons are of two type's slow neutron and fast neutron; both are fully capable of penetrating a nucleus and causing artificial disintegration.
Thermal neutrons
Fast neutrons can be converted into slow neutrons by certain materials called moderator's when last moving neutrons pass through a moderator, they combine with the molecules of the moderator, as a answer of this, the energy of moving neutron decreases while that of the molecules of the moderator increases. After sometime they both have similar power. The neutrons are then in thermal state equilibrium with the molecules of the moderator and are called thermal neutrons.
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