Nucleophiles : Electron rich species or electron donors are called nucleophiles. Nucleophiles may be divided into three types :

         (i) Charged nucleophiles : Negatively charged species are called charged nucleophiles.

         (ii) Neutral nucleophiles : It may be divided into two types :

         (a) Neutral covalent element, in which central atom has complete octet, has at least one lone pair of electrons and all atoms present on central atom should not be electronegative, is neutral nucleophile.

         (b) Organic compound having carbon, carbon multiple bond/ bonds behaves as nucleophile.

         Alkenes, Alkynes, Benzene,

         CH₂ = CH - CH = CH₂, CH₂ = CH - C ≡ CH

         (iii) Ambident nucleophiles : Species having two nucleophilic centres out of which, one is neutral (complete octet and has at least one lone pair of electrons) and the other is charged (negative charge) behaves as ambident nucleophile

•   Organometallic elements are nucleophiles.
•   Nucleophiles are Lewis bases.

         Organic compounds which behave as an electrophile as well as a nucleophile : Organic compound in which carbon is bonded with electronegative atom (O, N, S) by multiple bond/bonds behaves as electrophile as well as nucleophile :

•          In the mean while the course of chemical reaction electrophile reacts with nucleophile.
•          Strong Lewis acid is stronger electrophile . Stronger is an acid, weaker is its conjugated base or weaker is the nucleophile.

         Examples : HF>H₂O>NH₃>CH₄

                         F^-<OH^-<NH₂^-<CH₃^-

            Increasing order of nucleophilicity.

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