Nuclear structure and Nuclear forces
In accordance to an former hypothesis, the nucleus is considered as being composed of the two building blocks, proton's and neutron's, which are collectively called as nucleons. The forces, which hold the nucleons together means stronger proton - proton, neutron - neutron and even proton - neutron attractive forces, exist in the nucleus. These attractive forces are called nuclear forces. The Nuclear forces operate only within the small distance of about 1 * 10-15 m or 1 fermi (1 fermi = 10-13 cm) and drops rapidly to zero at a distance of 1 * 10-13 cm. These are referred to as short range forces. The Nuclear forces are nearly 1021 times stronger than electrostatic forces.
Yukawa in the year 1935, put forward a postulate that the neutrons and protons are held together by quite rapid exchange of the nuclear particles called as Pi-mesons (p-mesons have the mass equal to 275 times of the mass of the electron and a charge equal to +1, 0 or -1. These are designated such as Π+ Π 0 and Π - respectively). The nuclear force which is taken in use in rapid exchange of the Pi-mesons between nucleons is also called as exchange forces.
The binding forces between the unlike nucleons ( Π and n) are explained by oscillation of the charged Π -meson ( Π + or )
The binding forces between similar nucleons (p - p or n - n) result from exchange of the neutral mesons ( Π 0) as represented below.
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