Atomic pile or Nuclear reactor: It is a device to obtain the nuclear energy in a controlled way to be used for peaceful aspects. The most common reactor consists of a large assembly of graphite (an allotropic form of carbon) blocks having rods of uranium metal (which is fuel). Number of the neutrons formed by the fission of nuclei of 92U235 escape into graphite, where they are quite much slow down (from a speed of about 6000 or more miles/sec to a mile/sec) and now when these low speed neutrons come back into the uranium metal they are more likely to cause additional fissions. Substance such as graphite, which slows down neutrons without absorbing them, is called as a moderator. Heavy water, D2O is another significant moderator where the nuclear reactor consists of rods of uranium metal suspended in a big tank of heavy water (swimming pool type reactor). The cadmium or boron is taken in use as control rods for absorption the excess neutrons.
Plutonium from a nuclear reactor : For such purposes the fissile material used in nuclear reactors is the natural uranium which consists mainly (99.3%) of U-238. In a nuclear reactor some of the neutrons produced in U-235 (present in natural uranium) fission converts U-238 to a long-lived the plutonium isotope, Pu-239 (which is another fissionable material). Plutonium is an essential nuclear fuel. Such type of reactors in which the neutrons produced from fission are partly used to carry out further fission process and partly used to produce some of the other fissionable material are known as Breeder reactors.
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