Neutron-proton ratio or causes of radioactivity It has been found that the stability of nucleus depends upon the neutron to proton ratio (n/p). If we plot the number of neutrons against number of protons for nuclei of the various elements, it has been observed that the majority of the stable (non-radioactive) nuclei lie in the belt shown by shaded region in figure this is called stability belt or stability zone. The nuclei which has n/p ratio and this does not lie at all in the belt are unstable and undergo spontaneous radioactive disintegration.
It has been observed that,
(i) The ratio for stable nuclei lies quite close to unity for elements with low atomic numbers (20 or less) but it is more than one for nuclei having higher atomic numbers. Nuclei having ratio either very high or low undergo nuclear transformation.
(ii) When ratio is higher than required for stability, the nuclei have the tendency to emit rays i.e., a neutron is converted into a proton.
(iii) When ratio is lower than required for stability, the nuclei increase the ratio, either by emitting particle or by emitting a position or by K-electron capture.
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