The nature and characteristics of radioactive emissions
The phenomenon of the radioactivity arises because of decay of the unstable nuclei or a particular element. The nature of the radiations emitted from the radioactive substance was investigated by the scientist Rutherford (in the year1904) by
applying electric and magnetic fields. When these particular radiation were subjected to the electric or magnetic field, these were split into three types α, β and γ -rays.
Characteristics of radioactive rays
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a-Ray
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b-Ray
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g-Ray
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Charge and mass : It carries +2 charge and 4 unit mass.
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It carries -1 charge and no mass.
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It has no charge and negligible mass.
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Identity : Helium nuclei or helium ion 2He4 or He2+.
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Electron -1eo
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High energy raditons.
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Action of magnetic field : Deflected towards the cathode.
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Deflected to anode.
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Not deflected.
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Velocity : 1/10th to that of light.
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Same as that of light.
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Same as that of light.
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Ionizing power : Very high nearly 100 times to that of b-rays.
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Low nearly 100 times to that of γ -rays.
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Very low.
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Effect on ZnS plate : They cause luminescence.
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Very little effect.
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Very little effect.
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Penetrating power : Low
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100 times that of α -particles.
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10 times that of β -particles.
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Range : Very small.
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More than α -particles.
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More
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Nature of product : Product obtained by the loss of 1 α -particle has atomic number less by 2 units and mass number less by 4 units.
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Product obtained by the loss of 1 β-particle has atomic number more by 1 unit, without any change in mass number.
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There is no change in the atomic number as well as in mass number.
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