N-type Semiconductor Basics
In order for our silicon crystal to conduct electricity, we are required to introduce an impurity atom like Antimony, Arsenic, or Phosphorus into the crystalline structure making it extrinsic (the impurities are added). These atoms contain 5 outer electrons in their outermost co-valent bond to share with the other atoms and are commonly called as "Pentavalent" impurities. This allows 4 of the 5 electrons to bond with its neighbouring silicon atoms leaving one "free electron" to move when an electrical voltage is applied (electron flow). As each impurity atom "donates" one electron, pentavalent atoms are usually called as "donors".
Antimony (symbol Sb) is used as a pentavalent additive frequently as it has 51 electrons arranged in the 5 shells around nucleus. The resulting semiconductor material has the excess of current-carrying electrons, each with the negative charge, and is thus referred to as "N-type" material with the electrons called as "Majority Carriers" and the resultant holes "Minority Carriers". Then the semiconductor material is N-type when the donor density of it is greater than the acceptor density of it. Thus, a N-type semiconductor has more electrons than the holes.
![317_n -type semiconductor.png](https://www.expertsmind.com/CMSImages/317_n%20-type%20semiconductor.png)
The diagram drawn above shows the structure and lattice of donor impurity atom Antimony.
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