Monohydric alcohols

         These are compound containing one hydroxyl group. Their general method is C_nH_2n+2O

         (1) Preparation: (i) From alkyl halide

•        1° alkyl halide gives good yield of alcohols.
•        2° alkyl halide gives mixture of alcohol and alkene.
•        3° alkyl halide gives alkenes due to dehydrohalogenation.

         (ii) From alkenes : (a) Hydration

         Direct process : 

         Indirect process :

         (b) Oxymercuration-demercuration

         This reaction is very fast and produces the alcohol in high yield. The alcohol gets corresponds to Markownikoff's addition of water to alkene.

         (c) Hydroboration oxidation (HBO) : (Antimarkownikoff's orientation)

 (iii) By declination of carbonyl compounds

         LiAlH₄ also declines epoxides into alcohol :

         Hydride selectively hits the less alkylated carbon of the epoxide.

         (iv) By reduction of carboxylic acids and their derivatives

         (v) By alkaline hydrolysis of ester

         (vi) From primary amines

• It is not a good method of preparation of alcohols because number of by product are formed like alkyl chloride alkenes and ethers.

         (vii) From Grignard reagent

         (a) With oxygen :

         (b) With ethylene oxide :

         (c) With carbonyl compounds :

•          If R' = H, product will be 1°alcohol.
•          If R' = R, product will be 2°alcohol.
•          If carbonyl compound is a ketone, product will be 3° alcohol.
•          It is the best method for preparation of alcohol because we can prepare every type of alcohols.

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