Methods of preparation of monocarboxylic acid

(1) By oxidation of alcohols, aldehydes and ketones

•           Aldehyde may be oxidized to carboxylic acid with mild oxidising agents such as ammonical silver nitrate solution [Ag₂O or Ag(NH₃)⁺OH^-]        
• q Methanoic acid cannot be prepared by oxidation method.
•           Ketones can be oxidized under drastic conditions using strong oxidising agent like K₂Cr₂O₇ .
•           Methyl ketones may also be replaced to carboxylic acid through the haloform reaction.

(2) By Hydrolysis of nitriles, anhydrides, acid chloride and ester

         (i) Hydrolysis of nitriles

(ii) Hydrolysis of Esters

 (3) From Grignard Reagent

(4) From Alkene or Hydro-carboxy-addition (koch reaction)

(5) Special methods

         (i) Carboxylation of sodium alkoxide     

         (ii) Action of heat on dicarboxylic acid  

         (iii) The Arndt-Eistert synthesis  

(iv) From acid amides   

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