Metals, Semiconductors, and Insulators
- For the electrons to move under the applied electric field, there should be states available to them.
- Completely filled band cannot contribute in current transport; neither a completely empty band can.
- Thus, semiconductors at 0 K temperatures are perfect insulators.
- With the thermal or optical excitation, some of the electrons can be excited from valence band to the conduction band, and then they can contribute to current transport process.
- At the temperatures other than 0 K, magnitude of the band gap separates an insulator from a semiconductor, for example at 300 K,
Eg(diamond) = 5 eV (insulator),
Eg (Silicon) =1.12 eV (semiconductor).
- Number of electrons available for the conduction can be increased in semiconductors largely by reasonable amount of the thermal or optical energy.
- In metals, the bands are either partially filled or they overlap therefore, electrons and empty states coexist great electrical conductivity.
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