Measures of regulator quality
The output voltage can be held roughly constant only; the regulation is specified by the two measurements:
· load regulation is change in output voltage for the given change in load current (for instance: "typically 15mV, maximum 100mV for load currents in between 5mA and 1.4A, at some specified temperature and input voltage").
· line regulation or input regulation is degree to which the output voltage changes with input (supply) voltage changes - as the ratio of output to input change (for instance "typically 13mV/V"), or output voltage change over entire specified input voltage range (for instance "plus or minus 2% for input voltages in between 90V and 260V, 50-60Hz").
The other significant parameters are as follows:
· Temperature coefficient of output voltage is change in the output voltage with temperature (perhaps averaged over the given temperature range), while.
· Initial accuracy of the voltage regulator (or simply “voltage accuracy") reflects error in the output voltage for a fixed regulator without taking temperature into account or aging effects on output accuracy.
· Dropout voltage - minimum difference between input voltage and output voltage for
which the regulator can still supply specified current. The Low Drop-Out (LDO) regulator can be designed to work well even with the input supply only a Volt or so above output voltage.
· Absolute Maximum Ratings are defined for the regulator components, specifying the continuous and peak output currents which may be used (sometimes internally restricted), the maximum input voltage, maximum power dissipation at the given temperature, etc.
· Output noise (the thermal white noise) and output dynamic impedance can be specified as graphs versus frequency, while the output ripple noise (mains "hum" or switch-mode "hash" noise) can be given as peak-to-peak or RMS voltages, or in the terms of their spectra.
· Quiescent current in the regulator circuit is current drawn internally, not available to
the load, usually measured as input current while no load is connected (and thus a source of inefficiency; some linear regulators are, surprisingly, much efficient at very low current loads than the switch-mode designs because of this).
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