Mauls law: This law states that the intensity of the polarized light transmitted through the analyzer varies as the square of the cosine of the angle between the plane of transmission of the analyzer and the plane of the polarizer. (i) I = Iocos2θ                    and A2= Ao2cos2θ => A = Aocosθ If ,θ=0,I=I0, A=Ao, If θ=0,I=0, A=0, (ii) If Ii Intensity of unpolarised light.

So I_o = I_i/2 i.e. if an unpolarised light is converted into plane polarized light (say be passing it through a Polaroid or a Nicol-prism), its intensity becomes half, and  I = I_i/2cos²θ       

Methods of producting polarised light:

Polarization by reflection: Brewster discovered that when a beam of unpolarised light is reflected from a transparent medium (refractive index = μ), the reflected light is completely plane polarized at a certain angle of incidence (called the angle of polarization θp ) From fig. it is clear that θp+θp=90o Also μ=tanθp Brewster's law (i) For i<θp or i>θp

Both reflected and refracted rays becomes partially polarized

(ii) For glass θ_p≈57^o , for water θ_p≈53^o

By Dichroism: Some crystals such as tourmaline and sheets of iodosulphate of quinine have the property of strongly absorbing the light with vibrations perpendicular to a specific direction (called transmission axis) transmitting the light with vibrations parallel to it. That given absorption of wave is known dichroism.

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