Mass number
Mass number (A) = Number of protons or Atomic number (Z) + Number of neutrons or Number of neutrons = A - Z .
(i) Since mass of the proton or a neutron is not a whole number (on atomic weight scale), weight is not necessarily a whole number.
(ii) Atom of an the element X having mass number (A) and the atomic number (Z) may be represented by a symbol, 
Table: 2.3 Different types of atomic species
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Atomic species
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Similarities
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Differences
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Examples
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Isotopes
(Soddy)
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(i) Atomic No. (Z)
(ii) No. of protons
(iii) No. of electrons
(iv) Electronic configuration
(v) Chemical properties
(vi) Position in the periodic table
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(i) Mass No. (A)
(ii) No. of neutrons
(iii) Physical properties
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(i) 
(ii) 
(iii) 
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Isobars
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(i) Mass No. (A)
(ii) No. of nucleons
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(i) Atomic No. (Z)
(ii) No. of protons, electrons and neutrons
(iii)Electronic configuration
(iv) Chemical properties
(v) Position in the perodic table.
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(i) 
(ii) 
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Isotones
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No. of neutrons
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(i) Atomic No.
(ii) Mass No., protons and electrons.
(iii) Electronic configuration
(iv) Physical and chemical properties
(v) Position in the periodic table.
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Isodiaphers
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Isotopic No.
(N - Z) or (A - 2Z)
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(i) At No., mass No., electrons, protons, neutrons.
(ii) Physical and chemical properties.
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Isoelectronic species
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(i) No. of electrons
(ii) Electronic configuration
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At. No., mass No.
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Isosters
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(i) No. of atoms
(ii) No. of electrons
(iii) Physical and chemical properties.
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