The molecular theory of magnetism was given by Weber and modified later by Ewing. According to that theory -
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Every molecule of a substance is a complete magnet in itself. However, in a magnetized atom the molecular magnets are randomly oriented to give zero net magnetic moment. On magnetizing, the molecular magnets are realigned in a specific direction leading to a net magnetic moment.
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BAR MAGNET: A bar magnet consist of two equal and opposite magnetic pole separated by a small distance. Poles are not exactly at the last. The smallest distance between two poles is called effective length (Le) and is less than its geometric length (Lg).
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(1) Directive properties: When a magnet suspended freely it stays in the earth's N-S direction (in magnetic meridian).
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(2) Monopole concept: If a magnet is Broken into number of pieces, each piece converts into a magnet. This in turn implies that monopoles do not stable.
(3) For two rods as shown, if both the rods attract in case (i) and doesn't attract in case (ii) then, B is a magnetic and A is linear iron shield. Repulsion is sure test of magnetism.
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(4) Pole strength (m) : The strength of a magnetic pole to attract magnetic materials towards itself is known as pole strength.
(i) It is a scalar quantity.
(ii) Pole strength of N and S pole of a magnet is conventionally represented by +m and -m respectively.
(iii) It's SI unit is amp × m or N/Tesla and dimensions are [LA].
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(iv) Pole strength of the magnet depends on the nature of material of magnet and area of cross section. It doesn't relays upon length.
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(5) Magnetic moment or magnetic dipole moment : It represents the strength of magnet. Mathematically it is described as the product of the strength of either pole or effective size. i.e.
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(i) It is a vector quantity directed from south to north.
(ii) It's S.I. unit amp×m2 or N-m/Tesla and dimensions [AL2]
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